Table 1 Summary of descriptive statistics and data sources.
Variables | Units of measurement | Sources | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Panel A: The unit of measurement and source of data | ||||||||
Dependent variable | ||||||||
Educational tourism, \({\mathrm{ln}{\rm{ETD}}}_{{jit}}\) | Number of foreign students flowing to Malaysia | MOHE, Malaysia and UIS database | ||||||
Explanatory variables | ||||||||
Income, \({\mathrm{ln}{\rm{GDP}}}_{{it}}\) | Per capita real GDP (US$) | WDI and UNdata databases | ||||||
Price, \({\mathrm{ln}{\rm{PRICE}}}_{{it}}\) | Relative CPI-adjusted with exchange rate | WDI and IFS databases | ||||||
Distance, \({\mathrm{ln}{\rm{DIST}}}_{{it}}\) | Kilometres | DistanceFromTo.net | ||||||
Quality of education, \({\mathrm{ln}{\rm{QEDU}}}_{{it}}\) | Number of scientific publications | Scopus database | ||||||
Telecommunication, \({\mathrm{ln}{\rm{ICT}}}_{{it}}\) | Internet users per 100 population | WDI database | ||||||
Quality of leadership, \({\mathrm{ln}{\rm{QLEAD}}}_{{it}}\) | Percentile score, 1 – 100 | WGI database | ||||||
| Â | \({\mathrm{ln}{\rm{ETD}}}_{{ijt}}\, \leq 0\,\left(n1=241\right)\) | \({\mathrm{ln}{\rm{ETD}}}_{{ijt}}\, >\, 0\,\left(n2=2441\right)\) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Mean | SD | Min | Max | Mean | SD | Min | Max |
Panel B: The sub-sample descriptive statistics of the explanatory variables in the model | ||||||||
Dependent variable | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Educational tourism, \({\mathrm{ln}{\rm{ETD}}}_{{ijt}}\) | – | – | – | – | 3.087 | 2.209 | 0.693 | 10.439 |
Explanatory variables | ||||||||
Income, \({\mathrm{ln}{\rm{GDP}}}_{{it}}\) | 8.929 | 1.374 | 6.045 | 11.671 | 8.399 | 1.564 | 4.644 | 11.622 |
Price, \({\mathrm{ln}{\rm{PRICE}}}_{{it}}\) | −1.005 | 2.445 | −7.732 | 3.868 | −1.936 | 2.943 | −12.953 | 3.493 |
Distance, \({\mathrm{ln}{\rm{DIST}}}_{{it}}\) | 9.255 | 0.487 | 7.765 | 9.891 | 8.878 | 0.642 | 5.935 | 9.891 |
Quality of education, \({\mathrm{ln}{\rm{QEDU}}}_{{jt}}\) | 8.797 | 1.121 | 7.187 | 10.201 | 8.996 | 1.007 | 7.187 | 10.201 |
Telecommunication, \({\mathrm{ln}{\rm{ICT}}}_{{jt}}\) | 4.019 | 0.323 | 3.476 | 4.433 | 4.061 | 0.258 | 3.476 | 4.433 |
Quality of leadership, \({\mathrm{ln}{\rm{QLEAD}}}_{{jt}}\) | 4.066 | 0.057 | 3.960 | 4.145 | 4.059 | 0.053 | 3.960 | 4.145 |
