Fig. 2: An example of the algorithm used for data extraction.

Our query retrieves data from OSMP within the specified geocode area (in the first line of our example, the Italian region of 'Abruzzo') in each timeout time specified in milliseconds. It then looks for toponyms via the 'highway' label, and for their tags (second line). The query extracts the toponyms (third line), and outputs the results in alphabetical order in CSV format (fourth line). The extraction procedure covers not only ways/highway toponyms, as the label seems to suggest, but also other toponym types within a given area. See the main text for discussion on the types of toponyms extracted in the studies.