Table 4 Breakpoint Augmented Dicky Fuller (ADF) unit root test results.

From: Examining the relationship of inflation, gross domestic product, oil price, foreign direct investment, and trade openness on unemployment in Saudi Arabia

Variable

Level

First Difference

With Intercept

With Intercept and Trend

With Intercept

t-Stat

Break-Date

P-Value

t-Stat

Break-Date

P-Value

t-Stat

Break-Date

P-Value

UE

−3.28

2020Q1

0.8109

−15.82

2020Q1

<0.01

−11.67

2020Q2

<0.01

OPN

−4.79

2023Q2

0.0600

−5.27

2023Q2

0.0390

-

-

-

INFL

−8.31

2020Q2

<0.01

−7.98

2020Q2

<0.01

-

-

-

GDPGR

−4.75

2020Q1

0.0682

−6.02

2020Q1

<0.01

-

-

-

OILP

−4.87

2023Q3

0.0491

−6.18

2022Q4

<0.01

-

-

-

FDI

−4.32

2019Q4

0.201

−4.99

2019Q4

0.0785

-

-

-

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