Table 8 Robustness: the effects of treaty cities.

From: Long-term impacts of historical education policy on wages in China: insights on over-education

 

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

 

Treaty of Nanking (1842)

Treaty of Tientsin (1858)

Convention of Peking (1860)

Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895)

Dependent Variable:

 Jinshi density in Ming-Qing(logged)

0.0681*** (0.0168)

0.0671*** (0.0168)

0.0677*** (0.0169)

0.0823*** (0.0189)

 Observations

216,813

209,719

203,627

184,711

 KP-F statistics

34.343

27.331

27.338

25.366

 Cluster

Province

Province

Province

Province

 Controls

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

 Industry fixed effects

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

 Provincial fixed effects

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

  1. Each column in each panel represents a separate cross-sectional regression. We exclude treaty ports gradually by time. Column (1) excludes treaty ports listed in the Treaty of Nanking published in 1842, including Shanghai, Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, and Ningbo. Subsequently, Column (2) excludes cities that appeared in the Treaty of Tientsin (1858), including Yantai, Haikou, Zhenjiang, Hankou, Jiujiang, and Nanjing. Further, in Column (3), we exclude cities that appeared in the Convention of Peking in 1860 regarding Tianjin. In Column (4), cities that appeared in the Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895) are excluded, including Shashi, Chongqing, Suzhou, and Hangzhou. All columns include industry fixed effects and province fixed effects. The standard errors are clustered at the province level. Covariates include rainfall and air pollution, nightlight in 2004, population density in Ming-Qing, the urbanization rate in Ming-Qing, the distance to the coast, agricultural sustainability, and terrain ruggedness. The KP F-statistic is the Kleibergen-Paap Wald rk F-statistic for weak identification in the first stage (Kleibergen and Paap, 2006). ***denotes significant at 1% level, **denotes significant at 5% level, *denotes significant at 10% level.
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