Table 9 Channel - Jinshi density effects on contemporaneous education.

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
Dependent Variable:	ln (education year+1)	ln (university+1)	ln (education costs+1)	ln (education employee+1)
Panel A: OLS
Jinshi density in Ming-Qing(logged)	0.054* (0.006)**	0.404* (0.090)**	0.173* (0.046)**	0.038 (0.018)**
R2	0.800	0.573	0.572	0.539
Panel B: 2SLS
Jinshi density in Ming-Qing(logged)	0.056* (0.011)**	0.477* (0.196)**	0.321* (0.108)**	0.058 (0.029)**
Observations	243	243	243	243
KP-F statistics	97.835	97.835	97.835	97.835
Cluster	Province	Province	Province	Province
Controls	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Provincial fixed effects	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Industrial fixed effects	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes

Each Column in each Panel represents a separate cross-sectional regression, with endogeneity issues uncontrolled in Panel A and controlled in Panel B. In Column (1), results of the Jinshi density effects on schooling are displayed, while effects on the number of universities are presented in Column (2). Columns (3) and (4) report estimates on education costs and employees in the sector, respectively. Covariates include rainfall and air pollution, nightlight in 2004, population density in Ming-Qing, the urbanization rate, the distance to the coast, agricultural sustainability, and terrain ruggedness. All regressions are clustered at the province level. These estimated Jinshi density effects can be interpreted as the percentage changes in wages per worker with a percent change in Jinshi density. The KP F-statistic provided in Panel B is the Kleibergen-Paap Wald rk F-statistic for weak identification in the first stage (Kleibergen and Paap, 2006). ***denotes significant at 1% level, **denotes significant at 5% level, *denotes significant at 10% level.

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