Table 1 Descriptive statistics for the main variables.

Variables^①	Observations	Mean	SD	Min	Max
overallscore	1122	64.40	10.31	30	83.1
lngdppercap	1166	9.20	1.43	5.33	11.38
lnpop	1166	16.31	1.55	12.50	21.06
lnpopdens	1154	4.17	1.21	0.86	6.24
youthdep	1166	0.31	0.11	0.19	0.86
olddep	1166	0.19	0.06	0.05	0.39
lawdum	1166	2.47	0.86	1	4
lat	1166	46.15	8.41	19.43	64.13
t	1166	9.50	5.19	1	18
misallocation	1166	95.04	2.53	82.92	99.65
scorepre	1154	65.62	7.85	36.82	80.61
gap_abs	1112	5.22	4.16	0.01	18.63
open	1160	89.13	43.86	16.75	333.53
fdi	1144	4.77	7.02	−55.07	76.33
urbanratio	1166	0.68	0.16	0.26	1
agedepen	1166	50.07	7.32	36.04	92.92
inflation	1165	13.07	52.75	−18.93	987.07
saving	1160	21.15	11.94	−34.61	61.14
popdens	1154	110.89	109.41	2.35	513.66
govconsum	1160	18.06	4.70	5.69	29.79

^①OECD countries have accumulated more experience in the process of market-oriented reforms, and it has been confirmed by research that the increase in economic freedom has played a significant role in promoting economic growth in these countries. This paper estimates the factors influencing the optimal level of marketization by controlling for some national characteristics of the OECD countries, and it only seeks to demonstrate that the optimal level of marketization is constrained by informal institutional factors, so that such an operation does not bias the findings of the study.

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