Table 4 Robustness check: balanced sample and other clustering strategy.

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
	Balanced Sample				Clustering at Provincial Level
	Area	Pop	Density	Height	Area	Pop	Density	Height
Plant	−0.1675***	0.0185**	0.0650***	0.1446***	− 0.2018***	0.0186*	0.0755***	0.1865***
	(0.0282)	(0.0083)	(0.0191)	(0.0266)	(0.0339)	(0.0099)	(0.0254)	(0.0333)
ControlVariable	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
CityFE	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Year*CountryFE	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Observation	744736	875173	670173	209356	1235480	875662	741535	235762
R2	0.9604	0.9685	0.9567	0.9251	0.9572	0.9682	0.9593	0.9234

***, **, * denote significance at 1%, at 5%, and at 10%. “ControlVariable” includes two time-varying variables: temperature and rainfall. We include city fixed effect and country × year fixed effect into each regression. “Area” is an abbreviation for Built-up Area; “Pop” is an abbreviation for Population; “Density” is an abbreviation for Population Density. All dependent variables are logarithmic. The standard errors are reported in parentheses and clustered at the city level.

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