Table 5 Scores of the optimal models on the testing data in the 10-fold cross-validation.

From: Manufacturing agglomeration and carbon emissions: an ensemble learning approach with evidence from South Korea

Model

Default hyperparameters

Optimal hyperparameters

R2

RMSE

R2

RMSE

RF

0.876

7511.859

0.924

5642.512

GBDT

0.909

6329.890

0.937

5224.746