Table 1 Main data used in the research.

Data categories	Name	Year	Source
Land use data	Land use	2010, 2020	https://zenodo.org/records/12779975
Basic geographical data	Rivers, Railroads, Expressways, National highways, Provincial highways	2020	https://www.openstreetmap.org/
Basic geographical data	Administrative boundary	2020	http://www.resdc.cn
Natural environmental data	DEM	2020	http://www.resdc.cn
	NPP
	PRE
	TEM
	Nature reserve
	Slope		Calculated from DEM
	Aspect		Calculated from DEM
Socio-economic data	Population density	2020	http://www.resdc.cn
	GDP	2020	《Hubei Statical Yearbook》, Statistical yearbook of cities
	Agricultural production	2010, 2015–2023	《Hubei Rural Statical Yearbook》, 《Hubei Statical Yearbook》, Statistical yearbook of cities
	Energy use	2010, 2015–2023
	Food price	2010–2020	《National Farm Product Cost-benefit Survey》

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