Fig. 2: Mean intention to purchase an EV by respondents’ ideology.

a shows results of Study 1 (n = 633). b–e show results of studies 2 (n = 539), 3 (n = 500), 4 (n = 513), and 5 (n = 689, data collected March 2025), separated by vehicle condition (EV or Tesla). In Study 3, mean liberal intention to purchase EV was 0. Bars indicate standard errors.