Fig. 3: Parallel trend test results.

The X-axis represents the window period for BCP implementation, while the Y-axis displays the regression coefficient βk in the event study model. The year preceding BCP implementation serves as the base period. a–c present the results of the parallel trend tests using firm-level energy efficiency derived from electricity, coal, and oil. Similarly, d–f illustrate the results of the parallel trend tests with firm-level energy consumption derived from electricity, coal, and oil.