Table 1 A summary of the high spatiotemporal, self-administered smartphone surveys (S₄) previously run in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Haiti, South Africa, Peru, and Kenya.

	S₄ Case-study sites
	Bangladesh (IFPRI, 2018)	Cambodia (Willcock et al., 2022)	Haiti (Lewis et al., 2024a; 2024b)	Kenya (Lewis et al., 2024a;. 2024b)	Peru (Lewis et al., 2024a; 2024b)	South Africa (Lewis et al., 2024a; 2024b)
Study year	2015	2020/21	2022/23	2022/23	2022/23	2022/23
Mobile subscriptions as a percentage of population at time of study (ITU Data Hub, 2023)^a.	83	130	64 (data from 2021)	120	130	170
Number of participants	480	104	0^b	102	102	104
Survey Language	Bangla	Khmer	Haitian Creole & French	Swahili & English	Spanish	Xhosa & English
Research length (weeks)	50	30	0	52	52	52
Total compensation budget per participant (including phone costs; USD)	110	120	120	145	120	325^c
Sex ratio (male to female)	8.53	1.76	^b	0.68	0.12	0.64
Average age	32.9	33	^b	29	39	39

^aNote that this refers to the number of subscriptions to a public mobile-phone service as a proportion of the population of the country at that time, see (ITU Data Hub, 2023) for further statistics. Where the percentage is greater than 100, this implies multiple subscriptions per individual.
^bNote we have included this as a case study to provide insight on the realities of running an S₄, including when that results in failure.
^cIn South Africa, the team increased the weekly compensation rates over the duration of the project to maintain retention rates.

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