Fig. 3: Bar diagram of various potential classes of the WFPPI and WEFPPI.

The geographical distribution of various potential classes (i.e., VL: Very Low, L: Low, M: Moderate, H: High, VH: Very High and EH: Extremely High) of a WFPPI and b WEFPPI within the SSARW (R1), SSAR (R2), and SSARE (R3) belts, where C1 (1993–2022), C2 (1963–1992), C3 (1933–1962), and C4 (1903–1932) represent the four climate periods. The bar diagram represents the potential areas of a water–food productivity and b water–energy–food productivity in million hectares (Mha).