Table 1 Model parameters and their settings.

1

p₁

Ownership coefficient of enterprise resources

Follows normal distribution N(μ, σ²), 0 < μ < 1

(Leung and Sharma, 2021; Putilova and Shutaleva, 2020; Shen, 2011; Wu et al., 2023)

2

p₂

Knowledge sharing coefficient

Follows uniform distribution in [0, r], 0 < r < 1

(Abhari et al., 2019; Baldassarre et al., 2019; Schilling and Phelps, 2007; Wang et al., 2017)

3

N(t)

Number of AI innovation clusters in the neighbors

Dynamically changing

(MITRA, 2021; Was and Sirakoulis, 2015; Zaitsev, 2017)

4

M

Total number of cellular neighbors

M = 4 (Von Neumann neighborhood type)

(Mukhopadhyay, 1968; Sato et al., 2013)

5

e

Political, economic, and environmental factors

e ∈ (0, 1)

(Li and Wu, 2016; Narayana, 2014; Shakib, 2020; Wang, 2018; Weng, 2008)

6

p

Evolution probability

\(p=e\times \left({p}_{1}+{p}_{2}\times \frac{N(t)}{M}\right)\)

(MITRA, 2021; Was and Sirakoulis, 2015; Xie et al., 2012)

7

p₀

Threshold value

p₀ = 0.6

(Was and Sirakoulis, 2015; Xie et al., 2012)