Fig. 1: Interprovincial embodied SO2 net transfer networks in China.

a–c Embodied net transfer of SO2 between provinces in China in 2007, 2012, and 2017, respectively. CBE stands for consumption-based emissions. A CBE greater than 0 indicates a net inflow, while a CBE less than 0 indicates a net outflow. d Cumulative net transfer of SO2 between provinces over the decade.