Table 2 Outcomes and correlates from public affairs education.

Public affairs education and lobbying

Fleisher (2005)

Participant skills; Participant knowledge

(1) Communication theory; (2) Ethics; (3) Policy processes; (4) Governance institutions; (5) Relevant law and legal requirements; (6) Social issues and trends; (7) Organizational change; (8) Public affairs history; (9) Relationship-building; (10) Using and conducting research; (11) Stakeholder processes; (12) Reputation analysis; (13) Defining strategic goals and objectives

Fleisher (2007)

Participant skills; Participant knowledge

(1) Intercultural competence; (2) Communication channels; (3) Governance institutions; (4) Relevant law and legal requirements; (5) Social issues and trends; (6) International contexts; (7) Language: Jargon, analogies, metaphors; (8) Ethics

Griffin and Thurber (2015)

Participant skills; Participant knowledge

(1) Defining strategic goals and objectives; (2) Lobbying; (3) Messaging; (4) Coalition building; (5) Stakeholder processes; (6) Ethics

Holyoke et al. (2015)

Participant skills; Participant knowledge

(1) Policy processes; (2) Landscape and audience analysis; (3) Defining strategic goals and objectives; (4) Using and conducting research; (5) Messaging; (6) Relationship building

Levesque-Bristol and Richards (2014)^a

Civic learning

(1) Community engagement; (2) Cultural competence; (3) Ethical leadership

Newcomer and Allen (2010)

Participant skills;

Participant knowledge;

Participant behavior;

Enabling characteristics

(1) Acquired skills and knowledge; (2) Student use of knowledge, skills, and competencies in employment; (3) Placement in public service positions; (4) Self-confidence; (5) Self-efficacy; (6) Job-skills match; (7) Reflective judgment and learning

Sprague and Percy (2014)^a

Participant skills

(1) Research design, collecting and preparing data for analysis, quantitative methods; (2) Writing for a policy audience; (3) Oral presentation skills; (4) Communication with clients and other professionals; (5) Team management; (6) Applying policy analysis skills to address a real problem

Timmermans (2020)

Participant skills; Participant knowledge

(1) Social issues and trends; (2) Roles in policy; (3) Boundary spanning; (4) Organizational change; (5) Policy processes; (6) Using and conducting research; (7) Communication channels; (8) Communication theory; (9) Social issues and trends; (10) Coalition building; (11) Defining strategic goals and objectives

Wippersberg et al. (2015)

Participant skills; Participant knowledge

(1) Communication theory; (2) Basic principles of humanities and cultural studies, social sciences, law; (3) Communication skills; (4) Policy analysis; (5) Stakeholder processes; (6) Writing; (7) Advocacy; (8) Team coordination; (9) Campaign design