Table 1 Illustrative grand challenges and their related trust key elements.

From: A call for transdisciplinary trust research in the artificial intelligence era

Grand Challenge

Trustworthiness

Risk

User

Sphere

Terrain

Profiling

Privacy

Machine Learning: Prediction

Consumer

Self

Advertising

Misinformation

Non-maleficence

Computer Vision: Deepfake

Social Media User

Stranger

Social Media

Discrimination

Fairness

Natural Language Processing: Bias

Job Applicant

Race Minority

Job Recruitment

Job Displacement

Accountability

AI-powered Robotics: Autonomy

Retail Staff

Cooperation

Retail

Warfare

Explainability

Deep Learning: Opacity

Military Personnel

Nation

Military

Singularity

Human-Centricity

Quantum-Enhanced AI: Supremacy

Humanity

AI Evolution

Governance