Fig. 2: Partial dependence plots of significant predictors (Set 1).

The subplots from top-left to bottom-right represent the following variables: (1) Social use of Cantonese language, (2) Degree of Cantonese media usage, (3) Acquiring Cantonese through communication with friends, (4) Frequency of exposure to Hong Kong movies, (5) Acquiring Cantonese through family communication, (6) Frequency of exposure to Malaysian Cantonese broadcast television programs, (7) Most frequent exposure to Hong Kong movies, and (8) Degree of liking for TV series. Each plot illustrates the marginal effect of the predictor variable on predicted Cantonese proficiency, controlling for other variables. An ascending curve indicates a positive relationship, while a flat or descending curve suggests limited or negative influence.