Table 2 Results of Paired-Samples t-Tests for L2 Speaking Skills and L2 Speaking Anxiety.

From: Investigating the role of AI-powered conversation bots in enhancing L2 speaking skills and reducing speaking anxiety: a mixed methods study

Variable

Group

Mean Difference

t

df

p

Cohen’s d

L2 Speaking Skills

Experimental

+0.72

4.25

29

<0.001

0.60

 

Control

+0.28

2.54

29

0.016

0.36

L2 Speaking Anxiety

Experimental

−4.13

5.78

29

<0.001

0.76

 

Control

−1.07

2.17

29

0.043

0.22

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