Table 1 Descriptions and summary statistics of the main variables.

From: Gender differences in behavioral and psychological crisis responses: a cross-national Oaxaca-Blinder analysis

Variables

Descriptions

Mean

Std.Dev.

Min

Max

Obs

Dependent variables

Changes in coping behaviors (higher values suggest stronger preventive behavioral changes, integers only)

Wash_hand

Change in hand hygiene frequency (during pandemic minus before).

0.78

1.03

−4

4

6080

Wear_mask

Change in mask wearing frequency (during pandemic minus before).

1.70

1.69

−4

4

6080

Social_gather

Change in social gathering frequency (before pandemic minus during).

0.96

1.22

−4

4

6080

Closed_space

Change in frequency of going to a

closed space (before pandemic minus during).

1.06

1.22

−4

4

6080

Open_space

Change in frequency of going to a

open space (before pandemic minus during).

0.92

1.23

−4

4

6080

Public_transport

Change in frequency of using public transport (before pandemic minus during).

0.80

1.18

−4

4

6080

Pca_strategy

The normalized PCA score of the above six changes in coping behaviors.

0.58

0.14

0

1

6080

Bothering of travel intentions (from“0”not at all bothered to“4”Extremely bothered, integers only)

Work_travel

The degree of bothered travel for work intentions due to the COVID-19.

1.57

1.41

0

4

4234

Leisure_travel

The degree of bothered travel for leisure intentions due to the COVID-19.

2.15

1.44

0

4

4234

Emerging of negative emotions (yes=1, no=0)

Loneliness

The COVID-19 brings loneliness.

0.26

0.44

0

1

6080

Sleepless

The COVID-19 brings sleepless.

0.25

0.43

0

1

6080

Anxiety

The COVID-19 bring anxiety.

0.46

0.50

0

1

6080

Conflicts

The COVID-19 bring conflicts.

0.09

0.28

0

1

6080

Pca_emotion

The normalized PCA score of the above four emotions.

0.25

0.25

0

1

6080

Independent variable

Female

The gender is female, yes=1, no=0.

0.52

0.50

0

1

6080

Male

The gender is male, yes=1, no=0.

0.48

0.50

0

1

6080

Control variables

Vaccinated

Receiving a seasonal influenza vaccine, yes=1, no=0.

0.38

0.49

0

1

6080

Smoker

Having smoking habit, yes=1, no=0.

0.29

0.45

0

1

6080

Age1

The age of a respondent ranges from 18 to 35.

0.30

0.46

0

1

6080

Age2

The age of a respondent ranges from 36 to 55.

0.38

0.48

0

1

6080

Age3

The age of a respondent ranges from 56 to 75.

0.28

0.45

0

1

6080

Age4

The age of a respondent is 76 or above.

0.04

0.21

0

1

6080

Income1

The first quintile of annual household income (e.g., $23,000 or less for the US).

0.19

0.39

0

1

6080

Income2

The second quintile of annual household income (e.g., ranging from $23,001 to $42,000 for the US).

0.18

0.39

0

1

6080

Income3

The third quintile of annual household income (e.g., ranging from $42,001 to $66,000 for the US).

0.21

0.41

0

1

6080

Income4

The forth quintile of annual household income (e.g., ranging from $66,001 to $106,000 for the US).

0.22

0.41

0

1

6080

Income5

The fifth quintile of annual household income (e.g., equaling to or above $106,001for the US).

0.18

0.39

0

1

6080

Employed

Having a job, yes=1, no=0.

0.67

0.47

0

1

6080

Urban

Living in urban area, yes=1, no=0.

0.49

0.50

0

1

6080

Together

Living with others, yes=1, no=0.

0.24

0.43

0

1

6080

China

The respondent is from China, yes=1, no=0.

0.16

0.37

0

1

6080

Italy

The respondent is from Italy, yes=1, no=0.

0.17

0.38

0

1

6080

Japan

The respondent is from Japan, yes=1, no=0.

0.17

0.37

0

1

6080

Korea

The respondent is from South Korea, yes=1, no=0.

0.16

0.36

0

1

6080

UK

The respondent is from the UK, yes=1, no=0.

0.17

0.37

0

1

6080

US

The respondent is from the US, yes=1, no=0.

0.17

0.38

0

1

6080

Moderating variable

Individualism

The standardized level of Hofstede’s individualism index at the national level.

0.54

0.42

0

1

6080

  1. Notes: (1) The unit of “$” represents the currency of the US dollar; (2) The survey collected income variables based on five income brackets, and the thresholds for separating these brackets are based on the quintiles of household income distribution from the most recent wave of nationally representative household surveys or census data of each country (Belot et al., 2020); (3) The variable of urban is a self-reported record, which could not be directly compared across countries.
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