Fig. 6: Mediation models loaded with different physical activity outcome (N = 613).

Note: (a)–(f) represent the associations of subjective ALAN with walking, MPA, VPA, leisure PA, transportational walking, transportational cycling, environmental restorativeness, and subjective safety, respectively; dotted lines indicate non-significant pathways (p > 0.05). All pathways were controlled for gender, age, education level, monthly household income, marital status, student status, population density, daytime land surface temperature, NDVI, per capita disposable income, and employment rate.