Table 3 The spatial correlation of demographic, spatial and economic urbanization, 2012–2021.

From: Exploring the effects of ICT on urbanization in China: evidence from a provincial spatial panel data model

Demographic urbanization

Spatial urbanization

Economic urbanization

Year

Moran’s I

z-value

Year

Moran’s I

z-value

Year

Moran’s I

z-value

2012

0.238***

3.300

2012

0.246***

3.667

2012

0.270***

3.802

2013

0.247***

3.411

2013

0.235***

3.551

2013

0.257***

3.627

2014

0.251***

3.460

2014

0.218***

3.341

2014

0.232***

3.315

2015

0.251***

3.470

2015

0.213***

3.298

2015

0.217***

3.124

2016

0.266***

3.654

2016

0.227***

3.464

2016

0.197***

2.911

2017

0.251***

3.470

2017

0.204***

3.163

2017

0.192***

2.859

2018

0.234***

3.285

2018

0.168***

2.674

2018

0.189***

2.806

2019

0.260***

3.645

2019

0.167***

2.669

2019

0.173***

2.582

2020

0.227***

3.216

2020

0.251***

3.702

2020

0.175***

2.690

2021

0.233***

3.306

2021

0.233***

3.503

2021

0.185***

2.805

  1. ***p  < 0.01.