Table 1 Research on the Promotion of Entrepreneurship Among Underdog Groups by E-commerce.

The cost of starting a business

Sources of entrepreneurial costs for underdog groups

(Aghion et al. 2007; Fanjul et al. 2023; Goldfarb and Tucker, 2019; Xheneti et al. 2019; Yang et al. 2022)

E-commerce reduces startup costs

(Chaparro-Pelaez et al. 2016; Li et al. 2021; Song, Escobar, et al. 2022; Zeng et al. 2019)

The threshold of starting a business

The source of entrepreneurial barriers for underdog groups

(Boucher et al. 2008; Diaz-Serrano and Sackey, 2023; Gertner, 2023; Liu et al. 2022; Wignall et al. 2023)

E-commerce lowers the threshold for entrepreneurship

(Budler et al. 2021; Couture et al. 2021; Dunt and Harper, 2002; Foss and Saebi, 2017; Tang, 2019; Zhang et al. 2022)

Entrepreneurial capacity

Limitations on the entrepreneurial ability of underdog groups

(Y. A. Huang et al. 2021; Nsele et al. 2023; Refai et al. 2024)

E-commerce improves entrepreneurial capabilities

(Kawa and Swiatowiec-Szczepanska, 2021; Kim et al. 2021; Majumder et al. 2022; Yin and Choi, 2022)