Table 1 Variable selection and description.
Variable Types | Variables | Definition | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Explained variables | Happiness | 1=very unhappy; 2=unhappy; 3=moderate; 4=happy; 5=very happy | 3.548 | 0.874 |
Self-rated health | 1=very unhealthy; 2=unhealthy; 3=moderate; 4=healthy; 5=very healthy | 3.414 | 1.108 | |
Household per capita income | Log of household per capita income (RMB) | 4.134 | 0.587 | |
Core explanatory variable | Internet use | Ability to engage in online social networking, shopping, entertainment, and information acquisition on mobile phones.: 1=very low; 2=low; 3=moderate; 4=high; 5=very high | 3.327 | 1.595 |
Instrumental variable | Ability to obtain the QR code for epidemic prevention and control | Whether you can use mobile phone to obtain QR codes for epidemic prevention and control: 1=yes; 0=no | 0.643 | 0.479 |
Control variables | Gender | 1=male; 0=female | 0.906 | 0.291 |
Age | Age in years | 57.74 | 11.02 | |
Educational level | 1=primary school and below, 2=junior high school, 3=high school or technical secondary school, 4=college or vocational college, 5=master’s degree and above | 1.812 | 0.833 | |
Social status | 1=very low; 2=low; 3=moderate; 4=high; 5=very high | 3.205 | 0.673 | |
Physical health before age 15 | 1=very unhealthy; 2=unhealthy; 3=moderate; 4=healthy; 5=very healthy | 4.446 | 0.76 | |
Frequency of health-related behaviors | Frequency of moderate physical activity and balanced diet: 1=rarely ( < 1 day), 2=not too often (1–2 days), 3=sometimes (3–4 days), 4=most of the time (5–6 days), 5=always (7 days) | 3.642 | 1.068 | |
Quality of local medical and health infrastructure | 1=very poor; 2=poor; 3=moderate; 4=good; 5=very good | 3.636 | 0.739 | |
Number of insurance types purchased | Number of the following insurance types purchased (0–5): China New Rural Cooperative Medical Insurance, China New Rural Social Pension Insurance, commercial medical insurance, commercial accident insurance, and commercial property insurance | 2.027 | 0.786 | |
% of non-agricultural labor | Proportion of non-agricultural labor in household | 0.317 | 0.253 | |
Cultivated land area per capita | Per capita cultivated land area (mu) | 1.155 | 1.841 | |
Skills training | Participation in skills training: 1=yes; 0=no | 0.241 | 0.428 | |
Social support | Number of people willing to provide help: 1=fewer than 3; 2 = 4–5; 3 = 6–7; 4 = 8–9; 5=more than 9 | 2.329 | 1.533 | |
Mediating variables | Self-efficacy | Confidence in your ability to improve future standard of living: 1=no confidence; 2=little confidence; 3=moderate confidence; 4=great confidence; 5=very great confidence | 3.527 | 0.966 |
Access to health-related information | 1=very low; 2=low; 3=moderate; 4=high; 5=very high | 2.585 | 1.433 | |
Non-agricultural employment opportunities | 1=very few; 2=few; 3=moderate; 4=many; 5=very many | 2.923 | 1.152 |
