Table 5 Common method bias test.
From: Cultivation of innovative thinking and career development in design education
Test method | Indicator | Result | Threshold | Conclusion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Harman’s single factor test | Variance explained (First unrotated factor) | 34.20% | <50% | No significant CMB |
Correlation matrix analysis | Maximum pairwise correlation (Technical ability × Innovative thinking) | 0.52 | <0.7 | No multicollinearity/CMB |
ULM factor model (SEM) | ΔCFI (with vs. without ULM) | 0.008 | <0.01 | Model robust to CMB |
Internal consistency | Average Cronbach’s α (All scales) | 0.87 | >0.7 | High reliability |
