Table 4 The ANCOVA value of classroom engagement in the posttest.

From: Effects of AI-generated images in visual art education on students' classroom engagement, self-efficacy and cognitive load

 

Group

n

Mean

SD

Adjusted mean

F

p

Affective engagement

Treatment

39

31.462

2.426

31.522

17.379

<0.001

 

Control

39

26.564

2.945

26.504

  

Behavioral engagement

Treatment

39

42.641

6.239

42.245

190.901

<0.001

 

Control

39

39.282

3.539

39.697

  

Cognitive engagement

Treatment

39

42.128

3.629

42.212

20.824

<0.001

 

Control

39

36.769

3.842

36.686

  

Disengagement

Treatment

39

5.523

1.775

5.354

54.482

<0.001

 

Control

39

7.821

2.211

7.979

  
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