Table 6 The most frequently used tools and its exemplar case.

Visual Data

Draw-A-Scientist-Test (DAST)

Student (College, Secondary school, Primary school, High school), Early-childhood, Teacher.

Lab coat, glasses, facial hair, symbol of research, symbol of knowledge, technology, relevant captions.

drawings

(Chambers, 1983)

Draw a Scientist Test- Checklist (DAST-C)

Student (College, Secondary school, Primary school, High school),Early-childhood, Teacher

Lab coat, glasses, facial hair, symbol of research, symbol of knowledge, technology, Related subtitles, male, white, middle/older age, mythological figures, secrets, working in a lab, danger, smiling

drawings

(Finson et al. 1995)

Questionnaire

Students’ Views About Science, (SVAS)

Student (College, Secondary school, Primary school, High school), Teacher

the scientific method (SciMet), anxiety (Anxiety), usefulness of science (Useful), and uncertainty of scientific knowledge (Uncertain)

Rating scale (Likert)

(Ucar & Sanalan, 2011)

Views of Nature of Science (VNOS-C)

Student (College, Secondary school, Primary school, High school), Teacher

empirical, tentativeness, theory laden NOS, difference between theory and law, observation and inference, and socio-cultural embeddedness of science

Open-Ended Answers

(Kiliç et al. 2012)

Mental Images of Scientists Questionnaire (MISQ)

Student (College, Secondary school, Primary school, High school, K-12)

Cognitive character、Affective character、Lifestyle character、Job character

Rating scale (Likert)

(Zhang et al. 2023)

Scientist in Images Scale (ImSca)； Perception of Scientist’s Gender (GenSca)；Perception of the Risks that Scientist has (RiskSca)

Student (College, Secondary school, Primary school, High school)

Risk of Being Punished by Society; Risk of Losing Health; Risk of Injury/Death; Risk of an Asocial Life; Risk of Wasted Labor; Psychological Risks

Rating scale (Likert)

(Karaçam et al. 2020)

Interview

General Social Survey (GSS)

Student (College, Secondary school, Primary school, High school), Early childhood, Teacher, The public

Perceived Knowledgeability, National Interests, Consensus, Policy Influence

Rating scale (Likert) &Binary Responses

(Hunter et al. 2007; O’Brien, 2013)

Observation

Student (College, Secondary school, Primary school, High school), Early-childhood, Teacher

Interaction with Scientists, Behavioral Engagement, Emotional Responses, Cognitive Processes, Social Interactions, Self-Expression, Reflection and Self-Assessment

performance

(Avraamidou, 2013)

Discourse

Figured World and Identities Building Tools

College student, Early-childhood

Identity Construction, Gendered Discourse, Cultural and Social Construction, Narratives and Typical Stories, Power and Influence of Discourse, Inclusivity and Diversity

Straight Biology Path (SBP), Backpacking Biology Path (BBP)

(Günter et al. 2021)

Historical/Archival research

Scientist

Time Dimension, Cultural Dimension, Social Dimension

descriptive material

(Bucchi, 2020)

Content test

Student (Secondary school, Primary school, High school), The public

Student Perceptions of Scientists, Attitudinal Changes, Teacher Perceptions, Program Engagement, Curriculum Integration, Technical Accessibility

Rating scale

(Adedokun et al. 2012)

Experimental research

Geoscience Concept Inventory (GCI); Test of Science Related Attitudes (ToSRA); Surveys of Enacted Curriculum (SEC)

Student (College, Secondary school, Primary school, High school), Early-childhood, Teacher, The public

Test of Science Related Attitudes (ToSRA): Social Implications of Science (SIS), Normality of Scientists (NS), Attitude to Scientific Inquiry (INQ), Enjoyment of Science Lessons (ENJ), Adoption of Scientific Attitudes (AD-ATT), Leisure Interest in Science (LEI)

Rating scale

(Houseal et al. 2014)