Fig. 1

Anthropogenic SO₂ emissions circa year 2000. We show the annual mean of the control SO₂ emissions used to drive our simulations, which were taken from the ACCMIP dataset.¹³ The boxes show the regions in which emissions were removed in each of the perturbation experiments: the northern mid-latitudes (NHML, green), North America (blue), Europe (red), East Asia (purple), and South Asia (orange). For Europe, the HTAP Phase II European region definition was used, which follows EU country borders on the eastern boundary, and hence the eastern edge of the box is indicative rather than exact. For the other regions emissions were removed in the latitude and longitude bounds shown, as detailed in Methods