Fig. 4: Simulated influence of individual variability modes and co-occurring conditions.

Composites of precipitation and SST anomalies during a neutral conditions, b AtlNiño⁻ conditions only, c TNA⁻ conditions only, d IOD⁺ conditions only, e Niño3.4⁺ conditions only, and co-occurring f Niño3.4⁺/AtlNiño⁻, g Niño3.4⁺/TNA⁻, and h Niño3.4⁺/IOD⁺ conditions. Numbers in the headings indicate the number of summer seasons with individual and co-occurring phases of the modes used in each composite. Co-occurring conditions indicated by Niño3.4⁺/IOD⁺, Niño3.4⁺/AtlNiño⁻, and Niño3.4⁺/TNA⁻ denote co-occurrences of specific modes while other modes are in their neutral phases. The hatched SST and precipitation composites on the left indicate significant differences in the composite mean relative to neutral conditions and on the right indicate significant differences in the composite mean relative to Niño3.4⁺ conditions, at 5% significance level.