Fig. 7: Mechanism of compound droughts associated with co-occurring modes.

Composite anomalies of a upper-level (200 hPa) velocity potential (VP) and e lower-level (850 hPa) moisture flux convergence (MFC) during Niño3.4+ conditions. Shading indicates the moisture flux convergence and arrows indicate winds. Differences of the VP and MFC composites associated with co-occurring b, f Niño3.4+/Atl Niño−, c, g Niño3.4+/TNA−, and d, h Niño3.4+/IOD+ conditions relative to Niño3.4+ conditions.