Fig. 1: Contrast between the North-Atlantic–Indian monsoon (NAI) and the Pacific–North-American (PNA) teleconnection patterns.

a Spatial pattern of geopotential height associated with the AMO. Regression of JJAS AMO multi-decadal mode on both the JJAS SST (shading, K K⁻¹) and deviation of JJAS 200 hPa geopotential height (contour lines, m² s⁻² K⁻¹) from zonal mean. b Spatial pattern of geopotential height associated with the ENSO. Regression of DJF Nino3.4 SST on DJF 200 hPa geopotential height (m² s⁻² K⁻¹) as viewed from NH (c). The Rossby wave-train associated with the AMO multi-decadal mode. Regression of JJAS AMO multi-decadal mode on JJAS SST (shading, K K⁻¹), deviations on JJAS 200 hPa winds (vectors, m s⁻¹ K⁻¹) and 200 hPa geopotential height from zonal mean (m² s⁻² K⁻¹), where blue curves represents –ve contours, red curves for +ve contours, and black curve represents zero contour. Data length is from 1850–2015, for which AMO MDM is obtained as the IMF-5 of AMO index. Hatching represents regions where winds are significant at 95% CI using two-tailed t-test.