Fig. 1: Increasing SST threshold for IPWP deep convection from 1979–2020. | npj Climate and Atmospheric Science

Fig. 1: Increasing SST threshold for IPWP deep convection from 1979–2020.

From: Differential expansion speeds of Indo-Pacific warm pool and deep convection favoring pool under greenhouse warming

Fig. 1

a P-SST JFD averaged over 1979–2020 (shading, 0.05 × 105 km2 interval). b Long-term mean (same as (a), contour, 0.1 × 105 km2 interval) and long-term trend (shading, 0.01 × 105 km2 interval, only trends being significant at the 90% confidence level are plotted) of the P-SST JFD from 1979–2020. c, d P-SST JFD (shading, 0.05 × 105 km2 interval) in 1979 (c) and 2020 (d). The thin vertical dashed lines in a–d denote 27.5 °C and 29.0 °C, the common range of IPWP definitions. The thick vertical dashed lines in c, d denote the estimated σconv (28.1 °C for 1979, and 28.7 °C for 2020). e Time series (thin solid lines) of σconv (unit: °C) derived from different precipitation criteria and σtrop (unit: °C) over the Indo-Pacific Ocean. The thick solid lines denote 9-year running mean series, which filter out the interannual variability. The linear trends of all series, marked on the figure legend, are statistically significant at the 99.9% confidence level. Results are based on the ERSSTv5 and GPCP precipitation data. The results show that, under greenhouse warming, the observed σconv of different intensities have been increasing steadily since 1979.

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