Fig. 4: Global climatology of “hard-strike” decay of the western North Pacific landfalling tropical cyclones on China and Indochina.

Left panels show the results from the weak “hard-strike” events with landfall intensity between 34 and 64 kt, while right panels show the results from the strong “hard-strike” events with landfall intensity ≥64 kt. Top and middle panels show the time series of the season-level τ and event-level τ, respectively. Corresponding linear regression trends over different study periods (lines) and numbers of landfall events (bars) are overlaid. Bottom panels show the spatial distributions of landfall events. Each marker represents the centroid position (the mean of tropical cyclone positions at four synoptic times past landfall) of an event, with its size proportional to the corresponding τ.