Fig. 2: Impacts of droughts with different intensities on wheat yields in the nine agriculture subregions of China during the historical period (1860–2004).

The locations of the agricultural regions are shown in the panel in the center. More details of the agricultural regions can be found in Supplementary Fig. 2 and Supplementary Table 1. a–i The changes in wheat yields in the nine subregions under different drought intensities during the historical period (1860–2004). The y axis in the subplots denotes the percentage of changes in wheat yield, and negative/positive values mean loss/increase of wheat yields. Three colors, including yellow, indigo, and blue, are used to distinguish between three different yield change assessment methods, namely Multiple Linear Regression method (MLR), Deep Learning algorithm (DL), and Erosion-Productivity Impact Calculator model (EPIC), respectively.