Fig. 5: ASV changes and net primary production.

a Difference in depth-integrated net primary production (NPP) (mgC m−2 yr−1) between GW-ASVCTL and GW. The mean NPP in GW is displayed in contour. b ASV kinetic energy (m2 s−2) vs. total NPP (PgC yr−1) in the Pacific Ocean. Black square is GW, green circle GW-ASVCTL, green square GW-ASVCTL-FLX (the ASV value corresponding to GW is plotted here), blue triangle GW-ASVM10, blue hexagon GW-ASVM20, red triangle GW-ASVP10, and red hexagon GW-ASVP20 (see Table 2 for experiments).