Fig. 5: Thermal condition examinations for explaining CAR frequency change.

a Present-day (Pday) vertical distribution of area-averaged temperature (T) over Taiwan at different local standard time (LST). b Future projected changes (future minus Pday) in area-averaged T over Taiwan at 14 LST, estimated from the differences between four future runs (FC0, FC1, FC2, and FC3) and the Pday. c The percentage changes in future projected vertical thermal instability (-dT/dz) (%; see Eq. (3) for the calculation method) estimated from the area-averaged T (800 hPa) minus T (950 hPa) over Taiwan at 14 LST. The vertical domain between 800 hPa and 950 hPa is shaded in (b).