Fig. 4: Near-surface wind and MSLP structure of Storm Ciarán at 00 UTC on 2 November 2023 from reanalysis and forecasts.

Maps of 10-m wind speed (shading) and MSLP (contours) from a ERA5 and b–f forecasts, initialised at 00 UTC 31 October 2023, from the b IFS HRES model and c–f ML models, as labelled.