Fig. 5: Dynamical structure of Storm Ciarán at 18 UTC on 1 November 2023 from reanalysis and forecasts. | npj Climate and Atmospheric Science

Fig. 5: Dynamical structure of Storm Ciarán at 18 UTC on 1 November 2023 from reanalysis and forecasts.

From: Do AI models produce better weather forecasts than physics-based models? A quantitative evaluation case study of Storm Ciarán

Fig. 5

Maps show wind speed at 850 hPa (shading), wind speed at 250 hPa (65 ms–1, cyan contour with high values in the bottom left of the panels), the wet-bulb potential temperature at 850 hPa (dark blue, light blue, light red and dark red contours indicating values increasing every 2.5 K from 280 K to 287.5 K), MSLP (thin grey contours), relative humidity with respect to water at 700 hPa (grey shading encircling regions above 80%, not shown for FourCastNet (e) as not available), the vertical component of relative vorticity at 850 hPa (light-to-dark green shading, from 3 × 10−4 s–1 and then every 2 × 10−4 s–1). a shows the structure in ERA5 while b–f show the structure from forecasts initialised at 00 UTC 1 November 2023. Note that the range of the wind speed colour bars in Figs. 5 and 6 is different to that in Figs. 2 and 4. The main features of the cyclone described in the text are annotated in (a).

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