Fig. 4: Changes in amount and fractional AMS contribution to extreme snowfall.

a Estimated change in the AMS contribution to extreme snowfall during1980–2021 cold seasons. b Differences in fractional AMS contribution to extreme snowfall between the last (2012–2021) and the first (1980–1989) decades of the study period. Blue lines in (a, b) represent 500 m elevation contours, and dots indicate significant changes with p < 0.05. c Differences in the fractional contribution of AMS evaporation to extreme snowfall over the Kolyma Lowland in East Siberia. Vectors indicate differences in vertically integrated horizontal water vapor flux during the cold seasons between the two decades, and blue lines are elevation contours. d Average extreme snowfall and AMS contribution to it across the Kolyma Lowland during the two decades.