Fig. 3: Efflorescence behaviors of internally mixed oxalic acid–ammonium sulfate (organic to inorganic molar ratios, OIR = 3:1) particles. | npj Climate and Atmospheric Science

Fig. 3: Efflorescence behaviors of internally mixed oxalic acid–ammonium sulfate (organic to inorganic molar ratios, OIR = 3:1) particles.

From: Hygroscopic behavior and aerosol chemistry of atmospheric particles containing organic acids and inorganic salts

Fig. 3

a-d The upper panel shows the micrographs for efflorescence behaviors of internally mixed particles. The lower panel indicates the spatial distribution of chemicals within mixed oxalic acid–ammonium sulfate (OIR = 3:1) particles at 74.4% RH. Raman spectra show the formation of NH4HC2O4 on the surface shell in contrast to the chemicals at the core dominated by oxalic acid and ammonium sulfate in addition to water. Reprinted with permission from Wang et al. 64.

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