Fig. 9: The spatial field corresponding to the key physical processes of the MC.

a Climatological mean SST (contours; unit: °C) during FM(1) and regressed precipitation anomalies (shading; unit: mm day−1) during FM(1) onto the standardized D(0)JF(1) Niño-3.4 index in the CO2 RU period for 5 models’ MME. b Same as (a), but for the differences between the CO2 RD and RU period. The climatological mean SST is adjusted by subtracting the mean value across the entire tropics (20°S–20°N, 180°W–180°E). c Regressed LHF anomalies (shaded; unit: K month−1) during JJ(1) onto the standardized D(0)JF(1) Niño-3.4 index in the CO2 RU period and climatological mean winds (vectors; unit: m s−1) in the CO2 RD period for 5 models’ MME. d Regressed LHF anomalies (shaded; unit: K month−1) and wind anomalies (vectors; unit: m s−1) during JJ(1) onto the standardized D(0)JF(1) Niño-3.4 index in the differences between the CO2 RD and RU period for 5 models’ MME. Black arrows and brown dots denote that at least 70% models show consistent results.