Fig. 1: Spatial trends and distributions of tornado reports in the U.S.

a The distribution of Theil-Sen slopes of 1980–2022 annual gridded tornado reports. Hatched areas denote the trends significantly differ from 0, assessed at p values ≤0.05 using Kendall’s τ statistic. b The number of tornado reports per 1° × 1° cells from 1980 to 2022.