Fig. 1: Evolution of global temperature and the relationship with ENSO. | npj Climate and Atmospheric Science

Fig. 1: Evolution of global temperature and the relationship with ENSO.

From: What made 2023 and 2024 the hottest years in a row?

Fig. 1

a Annual-mean GMST anomalies (ref. 1991–2020): observations (ERA5 in solid blue; GISTEMP in dotted blue) and the TP pacemaker ensemble mean (black) with 20 member runs in grey. The 2024 forecast is in red. b Surface temperature changes from 2022 to 2023 averaged over the globe, tropics, and extratropical Northern and Southern Hemispheres (from left to right). Red dots denote the TP pacemaker ensemble mean (20 members in grey dots). Unit is °C.

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