Fig. 11: Differences in the 20-year averaged SIC and energy fluxes for the hindcast period 2004–2023 in September between the SIC-SIT and Control experiments.

Differences in a SIC, b net shortwave radiation flux (W/m2). c Outgoing longwave radiation flux (W/m2). d Sensible heat flux (W/m2). e Latent heat flux (W/m2). Dotted areas indicate statistical significance based on a two-tailed Student’s t test at the 95% confidence level. All fluxes are positive upwards.