Fig. 1: The simulated water apportionment in the five basins.

UB, UM, US, UYA, and UYE refer to Upper Brahmaputra, Mekong, Salween, Yangtze, and Yellow basins. In the map, for each basin, the first column represents the input water sources (IWS), including rainfall, snowmelt, and glacier melt. The second and third columns represent the water output, which is divided into evapotranspiration (ET) and total runoff (TR). The total runoff is further divided into two components (i.e., surface runoff and groundwater runoff) based on the runoff generation pathway. The amounts of water component are quantified in millimeters (mm) in each subfigure. The error bars denote the standard deviation of the corresponding component produced by the behavioral parameter sets. The sum of the three components of input water sources equals the sum of the evapotranspiration and the two components based on the runoff generation pathway definition (i.e., IWS = ET + TR). The right subplot is the simulated seasonal contribution of each runoff component for the simulated period. MAM, JJA, SON, and DJF represent spring (March, April, and May), summer (June, July, and August), autumn (September, October, and November), and winter (December, January, and February), respectively. Squares and asterisks represent the runoff components based on water source and runoff pathway definitions, respectively. For the runoff pathway definition, only the contribution of groundwater is presented because there are only two components, and their sum equals 100%. The error bars represent the standard deviation of the contribution produced by the behavioral parameter sets.