Fig. 1: Interdecadal variation characteristics of convective activity and atmospheric circulation structure over the QTP.

Anomalies distribution characteristics of summertime low cloud cover (%) over the QTP during (a) 1961–1990 and (b) 1991–2018 (compared to the average value of 1961–2018), the area within the black box represents the sensitive zone A (30.5°–35.5° N, 81.5°–90° E) and (30.5°–39° N, 90°–103° E) for convective changes on the QTP; summertime vorticity (10−6 s−1) at 200 hPa and atmospheric circulation anomalies structure during (c) 1961–1990 and (d) 1991–2020 (compared to the average value of 1961–2020); 200 hPa vorticity (10−6 s−1) and atmospheric circulation variation trend during (e) 1961–1990 and (f) 1991–2020, the white-dotted area exceeds 0.05 significance level; (g) transport characteristics correlated between summertime low cloud cover in Zone A of the QTP and 200 hPa wind field vortices during 1961–2020 (The flow field is the integration of low cloud cover and u–v correlated vectors in Zone A, and the coloring is the integrated vorticity of low cloud cover and u–v correlated vectors in Zone A). The area within the deep pink box represents the high–impact area B of North Atlantic SST changes (75°–43° W, 25°–52.5° N) in (c–g).