Fig. 3: Monsoon trough and the associated deep convection.

The solid arrow curves are the 850 hPa streamline, and the contours (and the color) display the 500 hPa p-coordinate vertical velocity. A, C, E show the circulation during early season (MJJ) in the historical condition and SSP5 8.5 condition, and the change, respectively. B, D, F show the circulation during late season (SON) in historical conditions, SSP5 8.5 conditions, and the change, respectively. The solid green curves in (A, C) show the locations of the monsoon troughs, and the dashed green lines in (B, D) show the locations of the cyclonic circulation centers.