Fig. 3: Comparison of weathering records in mid-to high-latitude regions with mid-to high-latitude temperatures, nearby simulated rainfall records, and paleoenvironment records from the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP), as well as their corresponding spectral analysis results (right).

a Simulated rainfall (July–August–September (JAS) average) in Northeast Russia (sediment source of the Bering Sea), (b) K/Ti ratios (XRF) from Site SO201-2-85KL30 and smectite/(illite + chlorite) ratios from Site U134053, (c) Chinese speleothem δ18O record from Sanbao, Hulu and Dongge caves8, (d) Simulated rainfall (June–July–August (JJA) average) in Northeast China (sediment source of the Sea of Okhotsk), (e) Smectite/illite ratios of Site LV55-38-3 (this study), (f) δ13C values of loess carbonate50, (g) Averaged sea surface temperature (SST) in mid- to high-latitude regions42,43,44,45, (h) 57 stacked, globally distributed benthic δ18O records (LR04 Stack)4. Notes: In the spectral analysis, the red dotted lines indicate the 90% significance level.