Table 1 Datasets used in this study

From: ACE2: accurately learning subseasonal to decadal atmospheric variability and forced responses

Name

Train period

Validation period

Test period

ERA5

1940–1995, 2011–2019, 2021–2022

1996–2000

2001–2010, 2020

SHiELD

1940–1995, 2011–2021

1996–2000

2001–2010

  1. ERA5 is a reanalysis product, here coarsened to 1° horizontal resolution17. SHiELD is an approximately 100 km resolution global atmospheric model which was forced by historical sea surface temperatures19. For the SHiELD dataset, data are available from two ensemble members initialized from slightly different initial conditions on October 1, 1939, doubling the number of samples available.
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