Fig. 2: Contributions of East Asia (EA) continental shelf area inundation to seasonal surface temperature (TS) variations.

a June-July-August (JJA) minus December-January-February (DJF) temperature (°C) changes from 14 to 11 ka in the iTraCE simulation (ICE + ORB + GHG + MWF). b JJA minus DJF, c JJA, and d DJF temperature (°C) responses to EA continental shelf area inundation. Red lines denote the inundated shelf area where the topography was changed. Temperature labels indicate the regional average temperature anomalies within the region enclosed by red lines. Dotted areas exceed the 90% confidence level based on the two-tailed Student’s t test.